tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-55524315409901997552024-02-08T11:22:58.134-08:00Dioxane in Ann ArborHow did an area that prides itself on being environmentally-progressive find itself sitting on top of one of the most extensive dioxane contaminations in the world? That’s one of the many questions explored in WEMU’s "Green Room" series on the topic, and this website is a tool to complement the series. It provides an outline for quick overview, and transcripts in sequence for the full story. Click on segments of interest to be taken to the archived audio at WEMU.org.Dioxane in Ann Arborhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07028884156905731110noreply@blogger.comBlogger1125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5552431540990199755.post-47014309085975068072016-07-14T07:08:00.001-07:002016-11-09T05:03:15.235-08:00<div class="p1">
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<span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">From 1966 to 1986,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.michigan.gov/deq/0,1607,7-135-3311_4109_9846-71595--,00.html"><span style="color: #1778d0; text-decoration: none;">Gelman Sciences<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></a>manufactured medical
filters using the solvent 1,4-dioxane which has since contaminated a 4-mile
long area of groundwater under Ann Arbor, Michigan. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>But Ann Arbor is not alone. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "inherit" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In the United States, approximately
10 million pounds of 1,4-dioxane are produced each year. It is being
detected in groundwater and municipal drinking water systems across the
country. Once thought to be relatively benign, new science says
otherwise. Costs to clean it up are high, and communities are grappling
with how to deal with it. This 25-part<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://wemu.org/programs/green-room" target="_blank">WEMU
“Green Room”</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>series is
an in-depth investigation into how the Ann Arbor area’s dioxane pollution is
being handled, with looks at the experiences of Tucson, Arizona and other
communities around the country as well. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://wemu.org/post/green-room-ann-arbors-1-4-dioxane-plume-tale-two-cities" target="_blank">Part 1</a> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b><u>Responsible Party</u></b>:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span> When Pall Life Sciences bought
Gelman Sciences in 1996, they assumed responsibility for the dioxane pollution.
While the plume in Ann Arbor continues to spread, Tucson Arizona installed
Trojan UV technology to remove dioxane from their drinking water to non-detectable
levels. Meanwhile, Danaher Corporation is the parent company of both Pall <i>and</i> Trojan Technologies.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://wemu.org/post/green-room-ann-arbor-s-1-4-dioxane-plume-part-2" style="text-indent: -0.25in;" target="_blank">Part 2</a> <b><u>Technology</u></b>:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span> The court allowed the cleanup in
Ann Arbor to not only slow down, but also to discharge bromate to surface waters. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Could the process Tucson is using
clean up Ann Arbor’s plume? <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>A
sales manager for the process says yes, for a price. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://wemu.org/post/green-room-ann-arbor-areas-14-dioxane-plume-part-3" style="text-indent: -0.25in;" target="_blank">Part 3</a></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><b><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Legislation</span></u></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">:</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: red; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Why has Ann Arbor’s plume not been cleaned up more aggressively?
Some point to the Michigan legislature's gutting of the “Polluter Pay” law
in the 1990's. Contamination was allowed to stay in the ground in
“prohibition zones,” and Michigan’s “safe” level of dioxane was raised from 3
to 85 parts per billion. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://wemu.org/post/green-room-ann-arbor-areas-1-4-dioxane-plume-part-4" target="_blank"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Part 4</span></a></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><b><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dioxane Levels</span></u></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">:</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Why is Michigan’s “safe” level for
dioxane so much higher than the EPA’s advisory of .35 ppb? <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>The Michigan legislature chose to
accept a 1 in a 100,000 cancer risk vs. 1 in a million. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>And they halved the expected duration
of exposure, from 70 to 32 years. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://wemu.org/post/green-room-ann-arbor-areas-1-4-dioxane-plume-part-5" target="_blank"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Part 5</span></a></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><b style="background-color: white;"><u><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">New 7.2 Level</span></u></b><b><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">:</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">What changes will we see once
Michigan's “safe” level for dioxane goes from 85 to 7.2 ppb?<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span> It won't automatically impact
cleanup, because the law allows pollution to stay in the ground, as long as it
doesn't spread. And it won't impact folks with dioxane-contaminated well
water, unless their levels are very high. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://wemu.org/post/green-room-ann-arbor-areas-14-dioxane-plume-part-6" target="_blank"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Part 6</span></a></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><b><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Local Input</span></u></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Court
decisions regarding Ann Arbor’s dioxane plume have been negotiated solely
between the polluter and the state, without input from local government or
universities. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Some say the
result is an underestimation of the challenges, and guidelines that are too
lax. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://wemu.org/post/green-room-ann-arbor-areas-14-dioxane-plume-part-7" target="_blank">Part 7</a> </span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: red; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><b><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Money</span></u></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: </span></b><span style="color: red; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In the last 15
years the DEQ’s budget has been slashed by almost 60%. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>While the state legislature allocated
some money to the Ann Arbor plume, it will probably only cover monitoring, not
treatment. The state does have a $28 million line of credit from
Gelman Sciences in the bank, but can’t use it unless the Responsible Party
fails to fulfill the consent agreement. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://wemu.org/post/green-room-ann-arbor-areas-14-dioxane-plume-part-8" target="_blank">Part 8</a> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><b><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">University of Michigan</span></u></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">:</span></b><span style="color: red; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The university
can't help but be involved: the plume was discovered by a UM grad student,
the university relies on Ann Arbor city water, and central campus lies in the
path of the plume. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>What
part has the university had in solving the problem? <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>In the past, they’ve focused more on
global issues. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>But this may
be changing. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://wemu.org/post/green-room-ann-arbor-areas-14-dioxane-plume-part-9" target="_blank">Part 9</a> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><b><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Superfund</span></u></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: </span></b><span style="color: #424242; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">EPA’s
Superfund program has run out of funding. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>And it was set up to deal with orphan
sites with no “Responsible Party” to pay for the cleanup, so Ann Arbor’s plume
may not qualify. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>But
proponents say an application for Superfund designation will draw attention to
a situation that badly needs addressing.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://wemu.org/post/green-room-ann-arbor-areas-14-dioxane-plume-part-10" target="_blank">Part 10</a> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><b><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Property Values</span></u></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">:</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: red; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Despite increasing concern about the area’s dioxane situation, so
far the market has not been noticeably impacted. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Will property values go down if Ann
Arbor’s plume is designated a Superfund site? <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Not if remediation is successful,
according to research and experiences elsewhere.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://wemu.org/post/green-room-ann-arbor-areas-14-dioxane-plume-part-11" target="_blank">Part 11</a> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><b><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ground Zero</span></u></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">:</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>On a visit to the University of
Michigan’s Saginaw Forest, Dan Bicknell recounts his discovery in 1984 of the
dioxane pollution coming from Gelman Sciences. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>His calls for action were not warmly
welcomed. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>It’s been an
uphill battle for over three decades. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://wemu.org/post/green-room-ann-arbor-areas-1-4-dioxane-plume-part-12" target="_blank">Part 12</a> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><b><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Beyond Containment</span></u></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">:</span></b><span style="color: red; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Current
Michigan law directs the DEQ to allow pollution to stay in place if contact
with humans is prevented. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>In
contrast, the EPA Superfund program is focused on cleanup. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Recent discoveries of vapor intrusion
into basements is calling into question the effectiveness of the
"containment" strategy.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://wemu.org/post/green-room-ann-arbor-areas-1-4-dioxane-plume-part-13" target="_blank">Part 13</a> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><b><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Health Effects</span></u></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Before
it was discovered, some Ann Arborites were drinking dioxane in their water at
extremely high levels. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Even
today, some are drinking at levels that would be illegal in other states. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>But no one is keeping track of their
health histories. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>With only
rat studies to go on thus far, this information would be invaluable.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://wemu.org/post/green-room-ann-arbor-areas-14-dioxane-plume-part-14" target="_blank">Part 14</a> </span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: red; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><b><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bottled Water</span></u></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> There
are no regulations requiring bottled water be tested for dioxane. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Bottled water is often sourced from
municipal water systems, of which 7% contain dioxane over 3.5 ppb. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>In contrast, Ann Arbor City Water is
tested regularly for dioxane, and at testing levels down to .07 ppb, it is
consistently non-detect. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://wemu.org/post/green-room-ann-arbor-areas-14-dioxane-plume-part-15" target="_blank">Part 15</a> </span><b><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sources</span></u></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">:</span></b><span style="color: red; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dioxane is a
very useful solvent in manufacturing, and is also an unintentional by-product
of other chemical processes. It’s become ubiquitous in our lives, found
in everything from landfill leachate to baby shampoos, sometimes at parts per<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><u>million</u><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>levels. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>So far, there is no law saying it
can’t be there. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
<a href="http://wemu.org/post/green-room-ann-arbor-areas-14-dioxane-plume-part-16" target="_blank">Part 16</a> <b><u>Children</u>: </b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>The Michigan DEQ says the
increased vulnerability of children was taken into account when arriving at a
7.2 ppb legal limit for dioxane in drinking water. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Yet the new limit is still over 20
times higher than the .35 ppb EPA advisory level, which is used in many other
states. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
<a href="http://wemu.org/post/green-room-ann-arbor-areas-14-dioxane-plume-part-17-0" target="_blank">Part 17</a><b> <u>Transparency</u>: </b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span> The City of Ann Arbor and
Washtenaw County have been barred from court proceedings, and communications between
the Gelman Sciences and the Michigan DEQ are confidential. Will the
Responsible Party be responsible? <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>The
city and county want to hear from them. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
<a href="http://wemu.org/post/green-room-ann-arbor-areas-14-dioxane-plume-part-18" target="_blank">Part 18</a><b> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><u>Financial Responsibility</u>:
</b>$700,000 was allocated by the Michigan
legislature to improve monitoring of Ann Arbor’s dioxane plume. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>But that is taxpayer money. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>If
the community wants stepped up treatment, will taxpayers have to foot the bill,
or will the Responsible Party pay? </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
<a href="http://wemu.org/post/green-room-ann-arbor-areas-14-dioxane-plume-part-19" target="_blank">Part 19<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></a> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b><u>History</u>: </b>For
decades Gelman Sciences owner Charles Gelman engaged in a very public campaign
to defend his company against accusations that it was avoiding its
responsibility for the dioxane problem. Then Gelman Sciences was
bought by Pall, which was bought by Danaher. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>And now, neither Pall nor Danaher are
talking to the public.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
<a href="http://wemu.org/post/green-room-ann-arbor-areas-14-dioxane-plume-part-20" target="_blank">Part 20</a> <b><u>Economy</u></b>:
In the 1990's the Michigan legislature passed less protective dioxane limits,
and allowed for containment vs. cleanup of pollution. It was an effort to make the
state more business-friendly. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Now,
some local business leaders fear the results will hurt the economy, rather than
help it. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
<a href="http://wemu.org/post/green-room-ann-arbor-areas-14-dioxane-plume-part-21" target="_blank">Part 21</a> <b><u>Citizen
Watchdogs</u></b>: <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Roger
Rayle and other local activists have been following the Gelman situation for
decades. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>The discovery in
2000 of the huge E-Plume is largely due to their efforts. With the
dioxane problem continuing to unfold, there is no end in sight for the need for
public vigilance.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
<a href="http://wemu.org/post/green-room-ann-arbor-areas-14-dioxane-plume-part-22" target="_blank">Part 22</a> <b><u>Liability</u></b><u>:</u> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>First, Gelman Sciences said Dow
Chemical, the State of Michigan, and others were partly responsible for the
dioxane plume. Then, they sold the liability, when the company was
purchased by Pall Corporation in 1997. Now Pall is owned by Danaher
Corporation, a multi-billion dollar water purification company. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Is Danaher ultimately responsible? </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
<a href="http://wemu.org/post/green-room-ann-arbor-areas-14-dioxane-plume-part24" target="_blank">Part 23</a> <b><u>Tucson</u></b>: <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>It took Tucson fourteen months and $18
million to build the plant which removes dioxane from their drinking water
down to non-detectable levels. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>The
city is being reimbursed the capital costs<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">and</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>the $1 million per year operating
costs, by the U.S. Air Force, their Responsible Party.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
<a href="http://wemu.org/post/green-room-ann-arbor-areas-14-dioxane-plume-part24" target="_blank">Part 24</a> <b><u>Acceptable
Risk</u></b>: <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Michigan will
soon be "accepting" less risk when they go from a legal limit of 85
to 7.2 ppb dioxane in drinking water. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>But
many states such as Colorado, Massachusetts, and New Jersey accept much less
risk than that: they use the EPA’s significantly more protective 0.35 ppb
guideline. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Why the huge
discrepancy? <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Economics and
politics may have something to do with it. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
<a href="http://wemu.org/post/green-room-ann-arbor-areas-14-dioxane-plume-part-25" target="_blank">Part 25</a> <b><u>Expectations</u></b>:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span> Some want Ann Arbor’s aquifer
restored to its pristine state. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Others
say that’s impossible, and we should focus on technologies like Tucson’s that
clean only the water we drink. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>It’s
worth a look at our values and priorities as a society.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
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<!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;">
<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The series was
produced with financial support from the</span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;">
<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "serif" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></i><i style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://www.ewashtenaw.org/government/drain_commissioner" target="_blank">Washtenaw County Office of the Water
Resources Commissioner.</a></span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:purple;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
p
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0in;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Times;
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";}
span.apple-converted-space
{mso-style-name:apple-converted-space;
mso-style-unhide:no;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style>
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
Dioxane in Ann Arborhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07028884156905731110noreply@blogger.com